GEOGRAPHY FOR 2023 & BEYOND
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Internal Assessment - IB Geography

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Objective: To apply the Butler Model to Tourism in Sitges and Calafell

Sitges and Calafell are approximately equal-sized settlements lying to the south west of Barcelona (see Figure 1). Both rely on tourism as a major source of income and employment and the study aims to compare the relative success of tourism, in its various forms, by employing the Butler Model.


Figure 1 - Location of study areas

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Remember the Butler Model?

The Butler Model is a method used to study the evolution of tourism over time and at which stage of the development model a settlement happens to be at this point in time. 

Tourism is a major source of income for many settlements and those on the Spanish coastline are no exception. 

Tourism has grown in importance as a major generator of wealth because of three main factors:

  1. The increased leisure time that people now have as a result of longer paid holidays, lengthier retirements and shorter working hours and weeks.

  2. An increase in disposable income. This refers to the money available to the individual or family once all fixed costs, such as mortgage or rent, utilities, food etc have been paid for.

  3. The greater ease of travel with developments in air and land transportation.

Both Sitges and Calafell have developed for these reasons.  

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Sitges - a brief history

Sitges is a town of approximately 25,000 people and is located about 30 km south of Barcelona. Originally occupied by the Romans on a defensive headland looking out to sea, Sitges’ port was used to trade products from the Penedès region and other places from the Roman Mediterranean.

Despite its direct contact with the sea, the town had more peasant farmers than fishermen, with vineyards being the main economic activity.

In the 18th century Catalonia obtained permission to trade directly with the West Indian Spanish colonies and by 1833 more than 27% of the Catalans trading with Cuba were Sitgetans. The fortunes made were invested in the purchase or repair of the town's old houses.

Sitges, although located close to Barcelona, was still hard to access at the time, but began to develop as a summer resort for taking the waters. As early as 1879, there are records showing that baths were already being used as medicinal therapy and spa enthusiasts directly became beach enthusiasts. However, it was not until 1881, with the arrival of the railway line from Barcelona, that tourism in Sitges really began to develop.

With the arrival of Santiago Rusiñol in 1891 - one of the architects of Modernism - Sitges became the cultural centre of the modernists. In 1909, Sitges was visited by Charles Deering, a North American millionaire who converted a street in the historic core into a palace, the Palau Maricel. This palace and Rusiñol’s residence helped launch Sitges to tourist fame. In 1918, the Terramar garden city and the Passeig Maritim or Esplanade were constructed. Atracción de Forasteros (Tourist Attraction Company) was created in 1928 and the Tourist Information Office in 1934. From then on, Sitges would become a European tourism standard setter.

Task 1. Read the information to the left and watch the video (sometimes a bit cheesy) making notes of all of the human (festivals, hotels etc) and physical (climate, beaches etc) attractions that Sitges offers year round. 
Let's hope this guy isn't there to annoy us! 
Calafell - a brief history

Calafell has a population of approximately 25,000 people and lies 50 km south of Barcelona. It owes its origins to a castle and occupied a defensive site on an inland hill. The name Calafell means 'small castle' and the earliest reference to it dates from 999AD. For years the economy of Calafell was devoted to agriculture and fishing.

Like Sitges, the arrival in the late 1880's of the railway from Barcelona led to a change in its economic fortunes. Calafell became more accessible and the development of second homes around the railway stations flourished with the 1947 Garden City project known as the Quadra de Segur. At first people lived there only during holiday periods, but now the majority of the population are permanent residents.

It was not until the 1960's that tourism began to develop strongly in Calafell, especially along the 5km of uninterrupted beach where numerous apartment buildings and hotels were constructed. With the blessing of successive city councils, a huge speculative boom in the 1970's led to an endless row of 6-storey apartments facing the sea. Later regulations prevented excessive vertical growth whilst inland the prohibition of building over two and a half floors led to more green space and a lower population density.

Today, the town of Calafell is delimited into three very distinct areas. To the north, narrow streets surround the castle and the old church. To the south, and disconnected from the historic core, the former seafront fishing village has been converted into tourist area. And to the east is Segur de Calafell, a former Garden City of second homes developed on farmland surrounding the railway station.

Task 2. Read the information to the left and watch the video making notes of all of the human (festivals, hotels etc) and physical (climate, beaches etc) attractions that Calafell offers. 
(the golf swing at 1.31 is quite special!)  

Agrandir le plan

Agrandir le plan

Post Visit - Data and IA write-up.

Need to know ....

A written report based on fieldwork is required.

i. Maximum 2500 words.

ii. The coursework accounts for 20% of the total SL grade and 25% of the HL grade. 

iii. Six sections (A-F) and one formal requirements section (G).


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Spain 2012 - On the way back to Toulouse

Viva Espagne - 2013 Visit
Sitges & Calafell: A comparative study of two contrasting tourist resorts.

The aim of the study is to examine the extent to which sustainable tourism in Sitges and Calafell is being successfully implemented. 

A number of RQ's (research questions can be investigated.

1. How do tourist functions change with distance from the historic core?

2. Are the two resorts at the same stage of the Butler Model?

3. How & why does tourism development differ between the two resorts?

4. Which resort is best geared to tourism sustainability and growth?


The aim of sustainable tourism is to meet the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing environmental, social, and economic values for the future. 
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George & Cam enjoying the festivities!

Criteria A - Fieldwork Question and Geographic Context 

Criteria A - (300 words)

  1. State research question.
  2. State chosen hypothesis
  3. When and where did we go and why was the Costa Dorada chosen?
  4. Link to Syllabus (See separate sheet)
  5. History of tourism in Calafell and Sitges.
  6. Map of Europe with C & S located and written description
  7. Map of Spain with C & S located and written description. 
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Criteria B - Methods of Investigation

Criteria B – Methodology (300 words)
  1. State the usage of primary and seconday information. Be sure to define what each means.
  2. Explain each method you completed and link to how it will help you to answer the title. Put your data booklet in the appendix so that you can simply refer the examiner to the data tables. 
•      Sustainable Tourism Management Index
•      Perception Survey
•      Index of services and amenities
•      Environmental Survey
•      Calafell and Sitges Shopping Centre Bi-Polar Survey

3.    Then explain where we completed the tests (Calafell and Sitges and the different zones (1-5 & explain with annotated maps)

4.    Statistical analysis – explain what methods we used to determine patterns and enable us to identify relationships.

5.    Include some annotated photos to show you/us in the field     conducting the research. 
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Criteria C - Quality and Treatment of Information Collected

Presenting your data.

There is no point re-creating all of your tables of data for the sake of it. One copy of this can be sent to the moderator. You need to have access to the excel spreadsheet that Y12 students made whilst in Spain.

 You visited five similar sites in two different towns giving you 10 sets of data to compare. Do you need all this data or can some be combined?

e.g. Location 1 – Main Shopping Street in Sitges or Calafell

  1. Map to show location of both areas.
  2. Sustainable Tourism Management – simple comparative bar chart with each of the categories shown clearly. Same scale must be used on x & y axis for both.
  3. Perception Survey – graphed suitably. Same scale must be used on x & y axis for both. Annotated photos on the A3 sheet could be advantageous (see previous examples)
  4. Index of services and amenities. Again, comparative or spatial charts to show different categories and their weighting towards tourists, locals or both. Annotated photos again could help here.
  5. Environmental Survey – Total scores for each of the six categories.
  6. Bi Polar survey – complete a simple Excel graph such as the one to the right. You can go for something more complex and don’t forget to check through the fieldwork guide for additional guidance.
Street map sitges
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e.g. Bipolar results 

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Street map calafell

Criteria D - Written Analysis

Writing up your findings 1350 Words

You will need to write out commentary for each of your data presentation pieces. I suggest that you type this on a separate piece of A4 paper that will be inserted just behind each of the display sheets. This work should be concise and attempt to answer your questions whilst testing your hypothesis. Make sure you link back to the questions and the hypothesis at the end of the interpretation of each location.
  • How and why does tourism development differ between Sitges or Calafell and where is each in the Butler Model? (Summarise what you have found with specific examples to compare your point with the secondary data GeoActive article by Paul Sheppard)
  • Which resort is best geared to tourism sustainability and growth? Make sure you understand the concept of sustainability especially related to the tourism industry (VITAL and will require some additional reading and revisiting past SLT work). Social, economic and environmental sustainability should be considered here. Make reference to data and observations directly from your presentation sheets.. 
  • How do tourist functions change with distance from the historic core of the towns? You will need to look back at your map and spatially analyse the data. Remember the historic core is area 4 and the sea front is area 3 in both resorts. Then state your reaction to the hypothesis. Does tourism sustainability decline with distance from the historic core and sea front? (Don’t forget to consult the information sheet entitled “Strategies for achieving sustainable tourism”)

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Criteria E - Conclusion 

NOT A BIG PIECE OF WORK  - 200 words
You should summarise the findings of your fieldwork investigation in Sitges and Calafell. There should a clear and concise statement answering two research questions.

You may have chosen two of the following questions: 

a)    How and why does tourism development differ between Sitges and Calafell and where is each located within the Butler Model?
b)    Which resort is best geared to tourism sustainability and growth?
c)    How do tourist functions change with distance from the historic core of the towns?

Then you need to link the question to the hypotheses, for example:
  1. Management of tourism is most effective in areas with the greatest concentration of tourist facilities
  2. Tourism sustainability declines with distance from the historic core and sea front.
So are these hypotheses proved or disproved. Don’t forget it is acceptable for you to disprove your hypothesis
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Criteria F - Evaluation 

Evaluation (300 words)

You should review your investigative methodology, including methods of collecting primary data, including personal bias and unpredicted external circumstances, such as the weather. You should suggest specific and plausible ways in which your study might have been improved and could be extended in the future. 
Sustainable Tourism Management

  1. Perception Survey
  2. Index of services and amenities
  3. Environmental survey
  4. Bi-Polar
  5. Mann – Whitney Test

*If you choose to use a table, be aware that this MUST be counted in your word count.

To access the highest marks, you must make VALID and REALISTIC recommendations for improvement or extensions of the fieldwork task. You might even suggest modifying the original research question. 
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Criteria G - Formal Requirements 

Study the mark scheme to the right hand side carefully. Have you completed all the requirements as set out here? 

This is worth over 10% of the total grade for IA. It is definitely worth getting those extra points in the bank to give you a safety cushion in your examination.
Guide To Referencing Your Extended Essay from Ecumene
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To ensure that this is done correctly, you may use the following Havard Citation Generator from Mr Tarr's ClassTools site.
havard citation generator ia geography

Calafell Historic Core - The only location not visited due to time constraints


View Larger Map
All content copyright geographypods unless otherwise stated. 
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  • Home
    • About & Contact
    • Discover The World Education >
      • Sample Lessons IGCSE/IBDP
    • Blog
    • Site Testimonials
    • Photos (Free to use) >
      • Floods
      • Snow & Mountains
      • Coastal
      • Tropical
      • Urban
      • Sports
  • Reactive
    • Qatar World Cup 2022
    • Famous Refugees
    • Over the Horizon
    • Migration to the EU. >
      • Classroom Display
    • Hurricane Matthew 2016 >
      • Hurricane Matthew Display
    • Nepal Earthquake 2015
    • Ebola 2014
    • Don't Panic - The Truth About Population
    • Israel & Palestine Group 3
    • Global Village + Maths
    • IB Sample Lesson 2017
  • G11-12 IB
    • IB Geo 2017 Onward
    • IB Geo 2009-18 Archive >
      • IB Induction Cross Curricular
      • Global Interactions (70 hrs)
      • Hazards and Risk Management (30 hrs)
      • Freshwater - Issues and Conficts (30hrs)
      • Sports, Leisure & Tourism (30 hrs)
      • Internal Assessment >
        • IA 2018 >
          • Sitges & Calafell Photos 2013
          • Sitges & Calafell Video >
            • Debrief
      • IB Geography Exams >
        • G11 Mock
        • G12 Mock
    • Extended Essay
    • IB Geography & TOK
    • Studying Geography at Uni
  • G9-10 GCSE/iGCSE
    • Theme 1 Population & Settlement.
    • Theme 2 - Natural Environment
    • Theme 3 - Economic Development
    • Coursework >
      • IGCSE Berlin Fieldwork
      • IGCSE Rivers France
      • IGCSE Barcelona Fieldwork
    • IGCSE Exam Revision
  • G6
    • G6 Factfulness
    • Introducing Tectonics
    • Volcanoes
    • Earthquakes
    • The New Silk Road
    • Map Skills
    • Tornadoes
    • The Ice Man
    • Landscape in a Box >
      • 2016 Efforts
      • 2012 Efforts >
        • 7X
        • 7Y
    • End of Year Exam
    • Parent Information
  • G7
    • G7 Factfulness
    • 8850 Top of the World
    • Geography of My Stuff >
      • Journey of a T-Shirt
    • Another Shopping Centre?
    • Sinkholes
    • Walls
    • Carcassonne Connection
    • Renaissance Day
    • End of Year Exam
  • G8
    • G8 Factfulness
    • Development
    • Global Biomes
    • Climate & Rainforest
    • The Tribe
    • Palm Oil & Me >
      • Palm Oil Assessment
    • Introducing Waterfalls
    • Tourism Blessing or Curse?
    • Niagara Redeveloped DME
    • IGCSE Options
    • End of Year Exam